Minimum‐data analysis of ecosystem service supply in semi‐subsistence agricultural systems

Antle and Valdivia (2006, Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 50, 1–15) proposed a minimum‐data (MD) approach to simulate ecosystem service supply curves that can be implemented using readily available secondary data and validated the approach in a case study of soil carbon sequestration in a monoculture wheat system. However, many applications of the MD approach are in developing countries where semi‐subsistence systems with multiple production activities are being used and data availability is limited. This paper discusses how MD analysis can be applied to more complex production systems such as semi‐subsistence systems with multiple production activities and presents validation analysis for studies of soil carbon sequestration in semi‐subsistence farming systems in Kenya and Senegal. Results from these two studies confirm that ecosystem service supply curves based on the MD approach are close approximations to the curves derived from highly detailed data and models and are therefore sufficiently accurate and robust to be used to support policy decision making.     

Payment for ecosystem services through renewable energy generation to promote community-based natural resource management in the Blyde in South Africa

Loss of biodiversity is putting the South African economy and the quality of life of its citizens at risk. Payment for ecosystem services (PES) is a way to incentivise conservation, community-based natural resource management and restoration of the environment. This article discusses a proposed PES project through the generation of hydro-electricity in the Blyde River Canyon Nature reserve. It argues that this proposed project could serve as an example for other PES projects and that it would strengthen community-based natural resource management, be beneficial to environmental conservation, counteract climate change, and provide socio-economic benefits to surrounding communities.     

吉林省1996—2005年土地生态系统服务功能价值变化分析

依据吉林省1996-2005年土地利用变更调查数据和行政区划图,参照我国陆地生态系统单位面积服务功能价值表,采用Costanza和谢高地等的方法模型估算了各种生态系统服务功能价值,并分析了其空间分布特征。结果表明:研究期间土地生态系统服务功能价值增长56842.58万元,其增长来自林地和水体生态服务价值的增加,其中林地贡献较大;而耕地、牧草地和湿地生态系统服务功能价值的下降则是土地生态系统服务功能价值降低的主要原因在空问分布上,长春市各县(市、区)均为负增长,其余各市(州)分布离散,无明显地域集聚特征;土地生态系统服务功能价值变化与社会经济发展水平呈现一定的相关性,主要表现为全省7个地级市区均呈负增长。     

再论旅游业发展的生态文明战略

实施生态文明战略是旅游业可持续发展的唯一途径。旅游业实施生态文明战略有其必要性，具体应从利益取向、社会责任、发展模式、绿色采购、清洁生产、公众素质六个方面制订旅游业实施生态文明战略的措施。     

美国农业研究现状及发展方向

美国强大的农业实力得益于其长期以来对农业研发的支持。长期以来，美国已建立了多渠道的农业研发投入体系和多主体的农业研发执行体系。通过分析、探讨目前美国的农业研究状况，发现其也存在一些问题，如，农业研发投入长期停滞不前，竞争性研发资金比例过小，农业与其他领域的结合不够紧密等；但从发展方向看，美国农业研发投入有望增长，竞争性研发经费的比例也有望增加，这将进一步提升美国农业研究在全球的领先地位。     

Notions of justice in payments for ecosystem services: Insights from China's Sloping Land Conversion Program in Yunnan Province

China's Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP) pays millions of farmers to convert cropland in upper watersheds to tree plantations. It is considered one of the world's largest payments for ecosystem services (PES) scheme for its reliance on financial incentives. This paper examines the outcomes of the SLCP by way of a case study from the Yangliu watershed in Yunnan province. It focuses on the notions of justice embedded in state policy and held by villagers and local state officials in order to understand the observed outcomes in terms of people's participation in the implementation of the SLCP, land use changes and livelihood effects. Villagers, local state officials, and state policy share a primary concern about distributive justice despite significant differences in their specific notions. The shared concern underlies the villagers’ positive reactions to the SLCP, which among other factors, have led to the intended expansion of tree plantations and a livelihood transition in Yangliu since 2003. The insights from Yangliu suggest the need to consider justice for a fuller understanding of the dynamics and outcomes of the SLCP and other PES schemes worldwide as the notions of justice applied by the involved actors may influence land use and livelihood dynamics in addition to the other factors considered in research this far.     

网络借贷生态环境的缺陷及其治理研究

网络借贷作为金融与科技融合的数字金融业态,市场需求旺盛,未来必然会长期作用于民间金融。网络借贷在发展中存在着诸多问题,是源于网络借贷生态环境的缺陷。网络借贷需要在规范经营中探索业务模式和监管方式的创新,加强监管协调,引入“监管沙盒”机制。因此,需要加强大数据、云计算、人工智能在网络借贷中的应用,并完善社会征信体系和法制体系,改善社会信用环境,完善行业自律机制,建立良好的网络借贷生态环境,以促进网络借贷健康可持续发展。     

创业机会共创研究探析

过往研究就创业机会的来源和产生等问题存在争议,而且聚焦于创业者、创业企业及外部环境等独立要素,割裂了创业机会在不同要素之间的互动关系。本文通过系统梳理创业机会研究的演进脉络,发现创业机会共同创造(co-creation)已成为未来研究的主要趋势。在已有研究的基础上,本文初步界定了"创业机会共创"的概念,并对相关概念进行了辨析。进一步,基于创业生态系统视角探讨了机会共创的参与要素,以此区分了实现创业机会共创的四种基本互动路径:即机会之间的互动,创业主体与机会的互动,创业主体之间的互动,创业主体与环境的互动。最后,提出了未来研究的思路与建议。     

基于生态系统服务空间流的洪涝调节 服务需求制图与生态空间优先级识别

中国快速城市化地区面临严重洪涝风险和洪涝调节 服务供需空间的分离。为识别在满足洪涝调节服务需求方面重 要性高的生态空间以纳入保护的优先级,提出了一种在生态空 间中绘制洪涝调节服务需求的新技术：基于生态系统服务空间 流,利用流量、流边界、流方向、分配原则及其修正因子4个 多维指标,表征将服务需求从建设空间向生态空间分配与投射 过程的关键环节。结果显示：面积大、人口密度高的建设空间 存在高需求流量;借助水文空间流,服务需求由建设空间被分 配至同一集水区内具有洪涝调节能力的生态空间中;被投射为 高服务需求的生态空间大多规模较大或紧邻高需求的建成空 间。通过控制流量、扩展流区域、增加流方向和提升生态空间 服务供应能力,能有效调控投射于生态空间内的洪涝调节服务 高需求。     

生态系统服务价值下的新安江跨界生态补偿标准设计

论文讨论了跨界生态补偿由损害补偿向保护补偿转变的“反向补偿”机理,构建了基于生态系统服务价值的跨区域生态补偿理论框架。研究表明,理论上流域生态横向补偿标准设计应基于生态系统服务的供给、支持、调节、文化四大功能,同时兼顾区域生态共同体思维,利用支付意愿、支付能力两调节系数进一步确定补偿款项的转移额度。新安江补偿案例研究结果说明,生态系统服务价值核算的补偿标准在跨区域生态问题上能够有效弥补跨区域补偿力度不足的问题,厘清损害补偿如何向保护补偿演化的路径,促进地区间平衡发展,完善生态补偿经济学公平理论,并为政府制定全国统一的跨界生态补偿政策提供理论依据和经验数据。